Causal Impact of Metro Network Expansion
Within the 0.8 km buffer zones surrounding the metro stations, there has been an increase in building density and total gross floor area (GFA). This transformation has led to a significant rise in energy consumption, particularly in densely built-up areas. The most pronounced impact is observed in zones where small buildings have been replaced by larger, multi-story structures. The greatest increase in energy consumption is recorded around stations No. 3, 12, 24, and 30 (Zapaden park, G. M. Dimitrov, James Bourchier and Druzhba).